http://www.iehdi.org/wiki/api.php?action=feedcontributions&user=Wjoma1&feedformat=atomInternational EHDI - User contributions [en]2024-03-29T01:26:08ZUser contributionsMediaWiki 1.39.3http://www.iehdi.org/wiki/index.php?title=Japan&diff=158Japan2014-09-09T17:42:33Z<p>Wjoma1: Created page with "===Japan=== * <font size='4pt' color='blue'>Percent of children screened for hearing loss: * Incidence of permanent hearing loss among newborns:</font> ===Current Status..."</p>
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<div>===Japan===<br />
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* <font size='4pt' color='blue'>Percent of children screened for hearing loss:<br />
* Incidence of permanent hearing loss among newborns:</font><br />
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===Current Status of Early Hearing Detection and Intervention for Children===<br />
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Many hospitals have implemented UNHS programs and shown that they should be applied within three months of birth and preferably prior to discharge from hospital. The preferred model for screening should begin with an OAE test, followed by an ABR test for all infants who fail the OAE test (a two-stage process) (1, 6/9). However, this two-stage process is not limited to the combined use of OAE & ABR. In practice, many investigators have reported reliable results with other two-stage processes utilizing the same screening technique for re-screening, including AABR & AABR (10/12) and TEOAE & TEOAE (13, 14). Moreover, it has also been emphasized that comprehensive intervention should begin before six months of age. Thus, a consensus on UNHS is spreading around the world, The Japanese Ministry of Health & Welfare began to promote the UNHS project in 1998, and many hospitals have implemented programs of hospital-based newborn hearing screening. However, although there have been good results (18/20), some problems remain.<br />
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===Demographics===<br />
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* Population: 127,103,388 (July 2014 est.)<br />
* Number of Annual Births (2012 est): 1,073,000<br />
* Birth rate: 8.07 births/1,000 population (2014 est.)<br />
* Percent of GDP spent on health care (2011): 9.3% of GDP (2011)<br />
* Percent of Health Care expenditures spent by government: 81.3% (2006)<br />
* Physician density: 2.14 physicians/1,000 population (2008)<br />
* Percent of newborns attended by skilled providers: 100%<br />
* Infant Mortality: 2.13 deaths/1,000 live births<br />
* Literacy (age 15 and over can read and write): 99%<br />
* Percent of children screened for hearing loss: <br />
* Incidence of permanent hearing loss among newborns<br />
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===Publications about EHDI Programs in Japan===<br />
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# [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15513505, Wada T, Kubo T, Aiba T, Yamane H. Further examination of infants referred from newborn hearing screening. Acta Otolaryngol Suppl. 2004 Oct;(554):17-25. PubMed PMID: 15513505.]<br />
# [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20620626, Adachi, N., Ito, K., Sakata, H., and Yamasoba, T. 2010. Etiology and on-year follow-up results of hearing loss identified by screening of newborn hearing in Japan. Otolaryngology-Head Neck Surgery 143 (10):97-100.] <br />
# [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18444475, Fukushima K, Mimaki N, Fukuda S, Nishizaki K. Pilot study of universal newborn hearing screening in Japan: district-based screening program in Okayama. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol. 2008 Mar;117(3):166-71.]<br />
# [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21996769, Kobayashi M, Inadera H. [Present situation and future perspectives on newborn hearing screening system in Japan]. Nihon Eiseigaku Zasshi. 2011 Sep;66(4):696-703.]<br />
# [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15513505, Wada T, Kubo T, Aiba T, Yamane H. Further examination of infants referred from newborn hearing screening. Acta Otolaryngol Suppl. 2004 Oct;(554):17-25.]<br />
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Email:</div>Wjoma1http://www.iehdi.org/wiki/index.php?title=Singapore&diff=157Singapore2014-09-09T17:38:10Z<p>Wjoma1: Created page with "===Singapore=== * <font size='4pt' color='blue'>Percent of children screened for hearing loss: * Incidence of permanent hearing loss among newborns:</font> ===Current St..."</p>
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<div>===Singapore===<br />
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* <font size='4pt' color='blue'>Percent of children screened for hearing loss:<br />
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===Current Status of Early Hearing Detection and Intervention for Children===<br />
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The Health Surveillance Programme, which is conducted free at polyclinics, was introduced more than 2 decades ago. Hearing screening is done at 3, 6, 9, 15, 18, 36 and 48 months of age by asking caregivers simple questions related to hearing and using subjective free field audiometry with crude testing materials such as rattles. Not uncommonly, even children with severe to profound hearing are not detected early enough, let alone children with mild to moderate hearing loss. Hearing screening in the private sector is, in general, even more subjective and inconsistent. It appears that there are some who do not even attempt to screen for hearing loss. Of those who do, there is little uniformity in the schedule or methods of testing among different doctors. In both public and private sectors, hearing screening is performed only on infants who turn up for immunisation. According to the Ministry of Health’s annual report in 1999, 4% of children in Singapore are not immunised and hence, are not screened for hearing loss.<br />
In April 2002, UNHS was implemented in KK Women’s and Children’s Hospital (KKWCH), which accounted for approximately one-third of deliveries (or 15,000 per year) in Singapore. Besides sponsoring a 1-year free screening in KKWCH, the Ministry of Health also provided screening equipment in 17 polyclinics to screen infants who had not had UNHS. The UNHS programmes in the restructured hospitals and polyclinics share a common database, using the Hi-Track Software. Over the following 2 years, all 6 private hospitals with delivery facilities also introduced UNHS programmes.<br />
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===Demographics===<br />
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* Population: 5,567,301 (July 2014 est.)<br />
* Number of Annual Births (2012 est): 47,000<br />
* Birth rate: 8.1 births/1,000 population (2014 est.)<br />
* Percent of GDP spent on health care (2011): 4.6% of GDP (2011)<br />
* Percent of Health Care expenditures spent by government: 33.1% (2006)<br />
* Physician density: 1.92 physicians/1,000 population (2010)<br />
* Percent of newborns attended by skilled providers: 100%<br />
* Infant Mortality: 2.53 deaths/1,000 live births<br />
* Literacy (age 15 and over can read and write): 95.9%<br />
* Percent of children screened for hearing loss: <br />
* Incidence of permanent hearing loss among newborns<br />
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===Publications about EHDI Programs in Singapore===<br />
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# [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15937570, Low, W.K., Pang, K.Y., Ho L.Y., Lim, S.B., and Joseph, R. 2005. Universal newborn hearing screening in Singapore: The need, implementation, and challenges. Annals Academy of Medicine Singapore. 34 (4):301-306.] <br />
# [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15906742, Joseph, R., Tan, H.K., Low, K.T., Ng, P.G., Tunnel, J., and Mathew, S. 2003. Mass newborn screening for hearing impairment. Southeast Asian Journal of Tropical Medicine and Public Health. 34 (2):229-230.]<br />
# [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16417926, Ngo RY, Tan HK, Balakrishnan A, Lazaroo D, Lim SB, Yan J. Auditory neuropathy detected by universal newborn hearing screening. Cochlear Implants Int. 2004 Sep;5 Suppl 1:206-8. doi: 10.1002/cii.234.]<br />
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Email:</div>Wjoma1http://www.iehdi.org/wiki/index.php?title=Australia&diff=156Australia2014-09-09T17:33:55Z<p>Wjoma1: Created page with "===Australia=== * <font size='4pt' color='blue'>Percent of children screened for hearing loss: * Incidence of permanent hearing loss among newborns:</font> ===Current Sta..."</p>
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<div>===Australia===<br />
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===Current Status of Early Hearing Detection and Intervention for Children===<br />
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The UNHS and targeted surveillance program, Healthy Hearing, was piloted in the state of Queensland, Australia, in September 2004, with full implementation achieved by December 2006. Currently, hearing screening is offered in 62 hospitals in Queensland, with a coverage of >99%. The UNHS program uses a two-staged automated auditory brainstem response (aABR) screening protocol that is performed by enrolled or registered nurses or midwives trained in aABR. Results are presented as either a “pass” or “refer.” If a “refer” result is obtained in one or both ears, the infant is given a second screen. On the second screen, if a “refer” result is once again obtained in one or both ears, the child is referred to an audiology clinic for diagnostic testing.<br />
During the newborn hearing screen, all parents are interviewed by the nurse/midwife who performed the screen regarding the potential for risk factors that may lead to a postnatal hearing loss. The infant's and mother's medical charts are also reviewed for possible risk factors. If one or more risk factors are identified, the child is referred to the targeted surveillance program for audiological monitoring. If no risk factors are present, the parents are given a checklist to monitor the child's auditory behavior and advised to seek medical opinion if concerns arise.<br />
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===Demographics===<br />
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* Population: 22,507,617 (July 2014 est.)<br />
* Number of Annual Births (2012 est): 307,000<br />
* Birth rate: 12.19 births/1,000 population (2014 est.)<br />
* Percent of GDP spent on health care (2011): 9% of GDP (2011)<br />
* Percent of Health Care expenditures spent by government: 17% (2006)<br />
* Physician density: 3.85 physicians/1,000 population (2010)<br />
* Percent of newborns attended by skilled providers: 99%<br />
* Infant Mortality: 4.43 deaths/1,000 live births<br />
* Literacy (age 15 and over can read and write): 96%<br />
* Percent of children screened for hearing loss: <br />
* Incidence of permanent hearing loss among newborns<br />
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===Publications about EHDI Programs in Australia===<br />
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# [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11919095, Russ, S.A., Rickards, F., Poulakis, Z., Barker, M., Saunders, K., and Wake, M. 2002. Six year effectiveness of a population based two tier infant hearing screening programme. Archives of Disease in Childhood 86:245-250.]<br />
# [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22530839, Barker MJ, Hughes EK, Wake M. NICU-only versus universal screening for newborn hearing loss: Population audit. J Paediatr Child Health. 2013 Jan;49(1):E74-9.]<br />
# [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22583631, Colgan S, Gold L, Wirth K, Ching T, Poulakis Z, Rickards F, Wake M. The cost-effectiveness of universal newborn screening for bilateral permanent congenital hearing impairment: systematic review. Acad Pediatr. 2012 May-Jun;12(3):171-80.]<br />
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Email:</div>Wjoma1http://www.iehdi.org/wiki/index.php?title=Thailand&diff=155Thailand2014-09-09T17:29:50Z<p>Wjoma1: Created page with "===Thailand=== * <font size='4pt' color='blue'>Percent of children screened for hearing loss: * Incidence of permanent hearing loss among newborns:</font> ===Current Sta..."</p>
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<div>===Thailand===<br />
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===Current Status of Early Hearing Detection and Intervention for Children===<br />
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Newborn hearing screening: Siriraj project. In the Faculty of Medicine, Siriraj Hospital, the universal newborn hearing screening program has not been implemented yet. This is a challenging project that will require a large number of health care personnel and financial support because approximately 9,000-10,000 newborns will be screened annually. The Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics has implemented the hearing screening for all infants with high risk factors before discharge since 2004. Srisuparp, et al reported in 2005 that the protocol using trained nursing staff to perform the screening yielded good results. Nowadays, the Department of Otorhinolaryngology takes part in comprehensive audiological evaluation and intervention, and looks forward to providing the universal newborn hearing screening program in the near future.<br />
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===Demographics===<br />
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* Population: 67,741,401<br />
* Number of Annual Births (2012 est): 824,000<br />
* Birth rate: 11.26 births/1,000 population (2014 est.)<br />
* Percent of GDP spent on health care (2011): 4.1% of GDP (2011)<br />
* Percent of Health Care expenditures spent by government: 11.3% (2006)<br />
* Physician density: 0.3 physicians/1,000 population (2004)<br />
* Percent of newborns attended by skilled providers: 99%<br />
* Infant Mortality: 9.86 deaths/1,000 live births<br />
* Literacy (age 15 and over can read and write): 92.6%<br />
* Percent of children screened for hearing loss: <br />
* Incidence of permanent hearing loss among newborns<br />
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===Publications about EHDI Programs in Thailand===<br />
# [http://www.sirirajmedj.com/content.php?content_id=2457, Suvajana Atipas, M.D., Cheerasook Chongkolwatana, M.D. Newborn Hearing Screening: Overview. Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10700, Thailand. Siriraj Med J 2009;61:224-227.]<br />
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Email:</div>Wjoma1http://www.iehdi.org/wiki/index.php?title=Egypt&diff=154Egypt2014-09-08T18:55:50Z<p>Wjoma1: Created page with "===Egypt=== * <font size='4pt' color='blue'>Percent of children screened for hearing loss: * Incidence of permanent hearing loss among newborns:</font> ===Current Status o..."</p>
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<div>===Egypt===<br />
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===Current Status of Early Hearing Detection and Intervention for Children===<br />
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In Egypt, there is a relatively high prevalence of consanguineous marriage together with poor antenatal care and lack of public awareness about the importance of hearing screening. Therefore, despite the presence of reliable screening methods (TEOAEs, ABR) and effective methods of management, UNHS programs are still not available. On the other hand, targeted neonatal hearing screening (TNHS) or risk-based hearing screening of neonates with risk factors for hearing loss is considered a compromise between no screening at all and UNHS.<br />
Still, there is no national program for early detection and intervention of hearing impairment but some steps have been taken to promote a national hearing screening program. A field study on screening for hearing impairment in 1500 neonates was conducted29 taking the advantage of the implemented metabolic newborn screening for hypothyroidism and the feasibility of providing hearing aids by health insurance to all hearing impaired infants and children. Results have shown great opportunity to implement newborn hearing screening. There was a significant high rate of hearing impairment (9 for 1000 newborns). Also, the Primary Health care Centers [PHCs], with some modifications, can be efficient to provide newborn hearing screening. However, the great challenge was the very limited resources available to provide diagnostic hearing services within the ministry of health hospitals. Since then, implementing and expanding hearing screening services are going in phases and hand in hand with the establishment of audiological services for each sector and governorate together with strengthening of the link to health insurance services to provide the amplification devices. Covering all governorates and implementing comprehensive national newborn hearing screening would be the ultimate target and is expected to become an attainable realistic goal aiming at providing rehabilitation services at optimal time.<br />
National newborn hearing screening remained of high priority to achieve equality in the quality of health and life.<br />
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===Demographics===<br />
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* Population: 86,895,099 (July 2014 est.)<br />
* Number of Annual Births (2012 est): 2,261,409<br />
* Birth rate: 23.35 births/1,000 population (2014 est.)<br />
* Percent of GDP spent on health care (2011): 4.9% of GDP (2011)<br />
* Percent of Health Care expenditures spent by government: 7.3% (2006)<br />
* Physician density: 2.83 physicians/1,000 population (2009)<br />
* Percent of newborns attended by skilled providers: 79%<br />
* Infant Mortality: 22.41 deaths/1,000 live births<br />
* Literacy (age 15 and over can read and write): 73.9%<br />
* Percent of children screened for hearing loss: <br />
* Incidence of permanent hearing loss among newborns: <br />
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===Publications about EHDI Programs in Egypt===<br />
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# [http://www.hindawi.com/journals/isrn/2013/574937/, Safaa S. Imam, Rania A. El-Farrash, Hesham M. Taha, and Helbees E. Bishoy, “Targeted versus Universal Neonatal Hearing Screening in a Single Egyptian Center,” ISRN Pediatrics, vol. 2013, Article ID 574937, 6 pages, 2013. doi:10.1155/2013/574937]<br />
# [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18235192, Kotby MN, Tawfik S, Aziz A, Taha H. Public health impact of hearing impairment and disability. Folia Phoniatr Logop. 2008;60(2):58-63. doi: 10.1159/000114646.]<br />
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Email:</div>Wjoma1http://www.iehdi.org/wiki/index.php?title=Slovakia&diff=153Slovakia2014-09-08T18:52:07Z<p>Wjoma1: Created page with "===Slovakia=== * <font size='4pt' color='blue'>Percent of children screened for hearing loss: * Incidence of permanent hearing loss among newborns:</font> ===Current Statu..."</p>
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<div>===Slovakia===<br />
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===Current Status of Early Hearing Detection and Intervention for Children===<br />
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Newborn hearing screening using TEOAE started in Slovakia in 1998. Initially, NHS was provided in ENT departments using ILO 92. From year 2000 NHS started in newborn departments and in year 2002 all newborns in Bratislava, the capital of Slovakia, were screened. In January 2005 the Ministry of Health provided screening TEOAE equipment to all eight special care baby units in Slovakia. From May 1, 2006 UNHS has been mandatory in Slovakia, using two-stage TEOAE in all 64 newborn departments. The first step of hearing screening is on the third day of life in healthy newborns, using portable screening TEOAE equipment. In high risk newborns hearing screening is performed before discharge from hospital. The second step of TEOAE screening is done 1 month after the first screening. In year 2005 – 42% newborns, in 2006 – 66% newborns and in 2007 – 94% were screened in Slovakia (only three small newborn departments do not yet have equipment for OAE screening).<br />
If there is a suspicion of hearing loss after the TEOAE hearing screening, it is followed by tympanometry as the next step, in order to clarify the status of middle ear. If the middle ear effusion (MEE) persists for more than 3 months, the insertion of ventilation tubes (VTs) is indicated before ASSR/ABR examination.<br />
To estimate the hearing threshold, ASSR is used in two ENT departments and ABR in the other four ENT departments in Slovakia. Infants with bilateral severe PHL and deafness are forwarded to the Slovak Cochlear Implant Center in Bratislava (I. ORL Department). After the hearing loss is confirmed, children are scheduled for early intervention (hearing aids and rehabilitation), followed by behavioral audiologic tests and/or repeat ASSR<br />
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===Demographics===<br />
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* Population: 5,443,583 (July 2014 est.)<br />
* Number of Annual Births (2012 est): 58,000<br />
* Birth rate: 10.01 births/1,000 population (2014 est.)<br />
* Percent of GDP spent on health care (2011): 9% of GDP (2010)<br />
* Percent of Health Care expenditures spent by government: 64.5% (2010)<br />
* Physician density: 3 physicians/1,000 population (2007)<br />
* Percent of newborns attended by skilled providers: 100%<br />
* Infant Mortality: 5.35 deaths/1,000 live births<br />
* Literacy (age 15 and over can read and write): 99.6%<br />
* Percent of children screened for hearing loss: <br />
* Incidence of permanent hearing loss among newborns: <br />
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===Publications about EHDI Programs in Slovakia===<br />
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# [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19185924, Jakubíková J, Kabátová Z, Pavlovcinová G, Profant M. Newborn hearing screening and strategy for early detection of hearing loss in infants. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol. 2009 Apr;73(4):607-12. doi: 10.1016/j.ijporl.2008.12.006.]<br />
# [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12560144, Jakubíková J, Kabátová Z, Závodná M. Identification of hearing loss in newborns by transient otoacoustic emissions. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol. 2003 Jan;67(1):15-8.]<br />
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Email:</div>Wjoma1http://www.iehdi.org/wiki/index.php?title=Serbia&diff=152Serbia2014-09-08T18:46:53Z<p>Wjoma1: Created page with "===Serbia=== * <font size='4pt' color='blue'>Percent of children screened for hearing loss: * Incidence of permanent hearing loss among newborns:</font> ===Current Status..."</p>
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<div>===Serbia===<br />
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===Current Status of Early Hearing Detection and Intervention for Children===<br />
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This prospective study of neonatal hearing screening function, initiated systematically by the 2008 at the Clinical Center Kragujevac, included full-term newborns and premature born ones, within the first 24 h after birth, using a DPOAEs interacoustics otoread-screener. Retesting was done after a month. From January 1st, 2009 to December 1st, 2010, a total number of examined infants by this method was 1,994 out of which 1,778 were full-term and 216 were premature born. The test passing was higher in the group of full-term babies (92.5%) than in the preterm ones (55.1%). <br />
In Serbia, by an Act on National Program on Women, Children and Youth Health Care from April 24th 2009, a compulsory early neonatal hearing impairment screening test was introduced. Thus, the study included all newborns, those with positive test results to be controlled until hearing impairment found or excluded. Most commonly used methods are otoacoustic emission (OAE) and electrophysiological auditory brainstem response (ABR tests). Reliability of methods of OAE is estimated in the range of 80% to 98%, an automated ABR (AABR) from 84% to 90%.<br />
The program of systematic neonatal hearing function tests in the Clinical Center Kragujevac has been conducted since the late 2008. During this prospective study, from January 1st, 2009 until December 1st, 2010, 1,994 newborn infants were included out of who 1,778 were full-term and 216 premature born. The program was implemented according to a previously agreed protocol in collaboration with pediatricians-neonatologists. Full-term infants are examined in the Delivery Ward, within 24 h after birth – immediately after the delivery, during feeding and during sleep. Premature born children are examined in the Center for Premature Born Children when their general condition allowed that. Both ears are examined there by DPOAE Interacoustics OtoReadscreener, which is equipped with software algorithms for result recording and reading. Newborns with lateral or bilateral hearing impairment were scheduled for retesting in a month.<br />
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===Demographics===<br />
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# Population: 7,209,764<br />
# Number of Annual Births (2012 est): 110,000<br />
# Birth rate: 9.13 births/1,000 population (2014 est.)<br />
# Percent of GDP spent on health care (2011): 10.4% of GDP (2011)<br />
# Percent of Health Care expenditures spent by government: 61.9% (2010)<br />
# Physician density: 2.11 physicians/1,000 population (2009)<br />
# Percent of newborns attended by skilled providers: 100%<br />
# Infant Mortality: 6.16 deaths/1,000 live births<br />
# Literacy (age 15 and over can read and write): 98%<br />
# Percent of children screened for hearing loss: <br />
# Incidence of permanent hearing loss among newborns: <br />
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===Publications about EHDI Programs in Serbia===<br />
# [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22624426, Zivić L, Obradović S, Stojanović S, Zbiljić I, Jakovljević VL, Zivić D, Stojanović J, Laban O. Neonatal screening of hearing function by otoacustic emissions--a single center experience. Vojnosanit Pregl. 2012 Apr;69(4):340-4.]<br />
# [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20499731, Babac S, Lazić MP, Tatović M, Stojanović-Kamberović V, Ivanković Z. [Otoacoustic emissions in hearing screening in children]. Vojnosanit Pregl. 2010 May;67(5):379-85.]<br />
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Email:</div>Wjoma1http://www.iehdi.org/wiki/index.php?title=Israel&diff=151Israel2014-09-08T18:40:21Z<p>Wjoma1: Created page with "===Israel=== * <font size='4pt' color='blue'>Percent of children screened for hearing loss: * Incidence of permanent hearing loss among newborns:</font> ===Current Statu..."</p>
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<div>===Israel===<br />
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===Current Status of Early Hearing Detection and Intervention for Children===<br />
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Toward the end of 2009, the Israeli Ministry of Health issued a directive establishing a universal newborn hearing screening program in all hospitals in the country from 01.01.10 [14]. The objectives of this study are to evaluate a newly established universal newborn hearing screening program, to assess performance and to compare measurements of performance to performance benchmarks representing a consensus of expert opinion in the field of newborn hearing screening and intervention. The benchmarks are the minimal requirements that should be attained by high-quality early hearing detection programs [3].<br />
This study was conducted at the Ziv Medical Center in Zefat, Israel. It is a government-owned hospital serving the popula1tion of the upper Galilee and the Golan heights. An audiology unit offering comprehensive diagnostic services is located within the hospital and has been performing behavioral and neurophysiological testing for many years. 3 part-time members of staff were recruited specifically for screening. Two of these are qualified audiologists and one is a biomedical technician. All staff members were trained in the use of the screening equipment and were made aware of the screening protocol. As specified by the Israeli Ministry of Health, a two-stage screening protocol was implemented. All neonates were initially tested using transient evoked otoacoustic emissions (TEOAE). Failure to detect TEOAE in one or both ears was considered a ‘‘refer’’ result. If a refer result was received, the test was repeated a day later. Neonates failing to pass the repeat TEOAE were referred for second stage screening using automated auditory brainstem response (A-ABR).<br />
<br />
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<br />
===Demographics===<br />
<br />
* Population: 7,821,850<br />
* Number of Annual Births (2012 est): 156,000<br />
* Birth rate: 18.44 births/1,000 population (2014 est.)<br />
* Percent of GDP spent on health care (2011): 7.7% of GDP (2011)<br />
* Percent of Health Care expenditures spent by government: 9.9% (2006)<br />
* Physician density: 3.11 physicians/1,000 population (2011)<br />
* Percent of newborns attended by skilled providers: N/A<br />
* Infant Mortality: 3.98 deaths/1,000 live births<br />
* Literacy (age 15 and over can read and write): 97.1%<br />
* Percent of children screened for hearing loss: <br />
* Incidence of permanent hearing loss among newborns: 10 infants in every 1000 births<br />
<br />
<br />
===Publications about EHDI Programs in Israel===<br />
<br />
# [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17005496, Attias, J., Al-Masri, M., and AbuKader, L. 2006. The prevalence of congenital and early-onset hearing loss in Jordanian and Israeli infants. International Journal of Audiology 45:528-536.]<br />
# [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16531449, Ari-Even Roth D, Hildesheimer M, Maayan-Metzger A, Muchnik C, Hamburger A, Mazkeret R, Kuint J. Low prevalence of hearing impairment among very low birthweight infants as detected by universal neonatal hearing screening. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed. 2006 Jul;91(4):F257-62.]<br />
# [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20869779, Geal-Dor M, Adelman C, Levi H, Zentner G, Stein-Zamir C. Comparison of two hearing screening programs in the same population: oto-acoustic emissions (OAE) screening in newborns and behavioral screening when infants. Int J PediatrOtorhinolaryngol. 2010 Dec;74(12):1351-5.]<br />
# [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23122541, Gilbey P, Kraus C, Ghanayim R, Sharabi-Nov A, Bretler S. Universal newborn hearing screening in Zefat, Israel: the first two years. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol. 2013 Jan;77(1):97-100.]<br />
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===Person responsible for most recent update:===<br />
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Name: <br />
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Affiliation: <br />
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Email:</div>Wjoma1http://www.iehdi.org/wiki/index.php?title=Saudi_Arabia&diff=150Saudi Arabia2014-09-08T18:23:55Z<p>Wjoma1: Created page with "===Saudi Arabia=== * <font size='4pt' color='blue'>Percent of children screened for hearing loss: * Incidence of permanent hearing loss among newborns:</font> ===Current S..."</p>
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<div>===Saudi Arabia===<br />
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* <font size='4pt' color='blue'>Percent of children screened for hearing loss:<br />
* Incidence of permanent hearing loss among newborns:</font><br />
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===Current Status of Early Hearing Detection and Intervention for Children===<br />
<br />
Currently, the average age of detection of significant hearing loss is 14 months [4]. In 1994, the Joint Committee on Infant Hearing (JCIH) stated that all infants with hearing loss should be identified before 3 months of age and receives intervention by 6 months. In their 2000 position statement, the JCIH set principles and guidelines for early hearing detection and intervention programs. The World Health Organization (WHO) recommended that a policy of universal neonatal hearing screening has to be adopted in all countries and communities with available rehabilitation services. That policy should be extended to other countries as ehabilitation services are established. Currently, there are three available methods of universal neonatal hearing screening programs: transient evoked otoacoustic emissions (TEOAE), automated auditory brainstem response (AABR), and a combination, all can be used for universal neonatal hearing screening. The total costs of newborn hearing screening and diagnosis are similar among the three methods. The goal of this study is to propose a Saudi universal neonatal hearing screening (UNHS) program based on transient evoked otoacoustic emission reporting the incidence of hearing impairment in this population and exploring the morbidity of hearing impaired infants. The first 3000 neonates of this series was published among many scientific trials evaluating TEOAE as neonatal hearing screening tool which concluded that a neonatal hearing screening based on TEOAE is an appropriate, feasible, accurate screening program.<br />
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===Demographics===<br />
<br />
<br />
* Population: 27,345,986<br />
* Number of Annual Births (2012 est): 605,000<br />
* Birth rate: 18.78 births/1,000 population (2014 est.)<br />
* Percent of GDP spent on health care (2011): 3.7% of GDP (2011)<br />
* Percent of Health Care expenditures spent by government: 8.7%<br />
* Physician density: 0.94 physicians/1,000 population (2008)<br />
* Percent of newborns attended by skilled providers: 100%<br />
* Infant Mortality: 14.58 deaths/1,000 live births<br />
* Literacy (age 15 and over can read and write): 86.6%<br />
* Percent of children screened for hearing loss: N/A<br />
* Incidence of permanent hearing loss among newborns: varies from 2.1%–17.5%<br />
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===Publications about EHDI Programs in Saudi Arabia===<br />
# [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15885338, Habib HS, Abdelgaffar H. Neonatal hearing screening with transient evoked otoacoustic emissions in Western Saudi Arabia. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol. 2005 Jun;69(6):839-42. Epub 2005 Feb 24. PubMed PMID: 15885338.]<br />
# [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12590276, Maisoun AM, Zakzouk SM. Hearing screening of neonates at risk. Saudi Med J. 2003 Jan;24(1):55-7. PubMed PMID: 12590276.]<br />
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===Person responsible for most recent update:===<br />
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Name: <br />
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Affiliation: <br />
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Email:</div>Wjoma1http://www.iehdi.org/wiki/index.php?title=Jordan&diff=149Jordan2014-09-08T18:19:26Z<p>Wjoma1: Created page with "===Jordan=== * <font size='4pt' color='blue'>Percent of children screened for hearing loss: * Incidence of permanent hearing loss among newborns:</font> ===Current Status..."</p>
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<div>===Jordan===<br />
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===Current Status of Early Hearing Detection and Intervention for Children===<br />
The Middle East Association for Managing Hearing Loss (MEHA) initially became the signature lead program of Canada International Scientific Exchange Program (CISEPO). In May 1998, CISEPO brokered the formation of MEHA, an organization comprising senior representatives of Israeli, Jordanian and Palestinian medical and academic establishments, along with community-based audiologists, educators, therapists and support personnel.<br />
The objectives of MEHA as the Middle East Association for Managing Hearing Loss were to:<br />
a) Promote and support cooperation in the region by advancing medical knowledge, public health and health services related to hearing loss;<br />
b) Contribute to stability and peacebuilding in the region by sponsoring medical, scientific and educational interactions among regional colleagues for cooperative cross-border international development purposes and thereby strengthening health systems.<br />
From 1999 until 2010 eight steering committee meetings were held in the region. His Royal Highness, Prince Firas bin Raad of Jordan, is the Patron of MEHA. Following the second MEHA steering committee meeting held in Tel Aviv in May, 2001, a regional MEHA Centre was established in Amman in memory of the late King Hussein.<br />
<br />
MEHA operated continuously and effectively since its formation and through its programs impacted on national hearing health policy in Jordan (2007) and Israel (2010) through the implementation of universal newborn hearing screening, habilitation and family support programs. Over 800,000 babies have been screened in Jordan and over 320,000 babies have been screened in Israel. The intent is to bring universal newborn hearing screening to the West Bank as well. MEHA as the Middle East Association for Managing Hearing Loss focused on public health, medical and rehabilitative services and scientific and peacebuilding programs in the region related to hearing loss. As CISEPO's lead program, CISEPO received for MEHA projects Government of Canada grants through CIDA in 2001 in 2004 for the implementation of MEHA projects of on-the-ground programming for the early detection and management of hearing loss.<br />
<br />
<br />
===Demographics===<br />
<br />
<br />
* Population: 7,930,491 (July 2014 est.)<br />
* Number of Annual Births (2012 est): 183,948<br />
* Birth rate: 25.23 births/1,000 population (2014 est.)<br />
* Percent of GDP spent on health care (2011): 8.4%<br />
* Percent of Health Care expenditures spent by government: 9.6%<br />
* Physician density: 2.56 physicians/1,000 population (2010)<br />
* Percent of newborns attended by skilled providers: 99%<br />
* Infant Mortality: 15.83 (deaths/1,000 live births 2012)<br />
* Literacy (age 15 and over can read and write): 93.4%<br />
* Percent of children screened for hearing loss: under 25%<br />
* Incidence of permanent hearing loss among newborns: 1.37 per 1000 infants<br />
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===Publications about EHDI Programs in Jordan===<br />
# [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23301401, Ur Rehman M, Mando K, Rahmani A, Imran A, Ur Rehman N, Gowda K, Chedid F. Screening for neonatal hearing loss in the Eastern region of United Arab Emirates. East Mediterr Health J. 2012 Dec;18(12):1254-6. PubMed PMID: 23301401.]<br />
# [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17005496, Attias J, Al-Masri M, Abukader L, Cohen G, Merlov P, Pratt H, Othman-Jebara R, Aber P, Raad F, Noyek A. The prevalence of congenital and early-onset hearing loss in Jordanian and Israeli infants. Int J Audiol. 2006 Sep;45(9):528-36. PubMed PMID: 17005496.]<br />
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===Person responsible for most recent update:===<br />
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Name: <br />
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Affiliation: <br />
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Email:</div>Wjoma1http://www.iehdi.org/wiki/index.php?title=Turkey&diff=148Turkey2014-09-08T18:15:40Z<p>Wjoma1: Created page with "==Turkey=== * <font size='4pt' color='blue'>Percent of children screened for hearing loss: * Incidence of permanent hearing loss among newborns:</font> ===Current Status o..."</p>
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<div>==Turkey===<br />
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* <font size='4pt' color='blue'>Percent of children screened for hearing loss:<br />
* Incidence of permanent hearing loss among newborns:</font><br />
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===Current Status of Early Hearing Detection and Intervention for Children===<br />
Congenital hearing loss is a serious and one of the most common major abnormality present at birth. Bilateral hearing loss is present in 0.1–0.3% of newborn infants and in 2–4% of infants in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) population (National Institutes of Health Consensus Development Conference 1993; Yoon et al. 2003).<br />
The detection of congenital hearing loss, its early diagnosis and rehabilitation programmes have potent effects on childrens’ speech, communication, language and cognitive development (Joint Committee on Infant Hearing 1994). Therefore, universal neonatal hearing screening programmes are encouraged to define and manage hearing loss in early ages of life (National Institutes of Health 1993). Pediatric Joint Committee on Infant Hearing (JCIH) reflected that infants with hearing loss should be recognized before 3 months of age in 1994 (American Academy of Pediatrics 1995). The JCIH assigned principles and guidelines for the detection of early hearing screening in the position statement of the year 2000 (Joint Committee on Infant Hearing 2000).<br />
National neonatal hearing screening programme was started to be applied in Turkey on 2004. Because of the technical difficulties and lack of educated personel, this programme was started not in whole country but only on some pilot hospitals including the Ankara Etlik Zubeyde Hanim Maternity and Women’s Health Research Hospital. The screening programme has three steps; covering both the response techniques of TEOAE and ABR. Using a combination of screening techniques (TEOAE testing for the initial screening followed by automated ABR for rescreening) decrease the fail rate at discharge and the subsequent need for outpatient follow-up (Tang et al. 2006). At Ankara Etlik Zubeyde Hanim Maternity and Women’s Health Research Hospital the national neonatal hearing screening programme compatible to universal newborn hearing screening programmes was started on January 2007. The aim of this study was to introduce a 14-month three-step newborn hearing screening programme results with 16 975 births.<br />
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===Demograpgics===<br />
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* Population: 81,619,392 (July 2014 est.)<br />
* Number of Annual Births (2012 est): 1,238,970<br />
* Birth rate: 17.2 live births per 1 000 population<br />
* Percent of GDP spent on health care (2011): 6.7%<br />
* Percent of Health Care expenditures spent by government: 75%<br />
* Physician density: 1.71 physicians/1,000 population (2011)<br />
* Percent of newborns attended by skilled providers: 91%<br />
* Infant Mortality: 23.7 (2012).<br />
* Literacy (age 15 and over can read and write): 95.3%<br />
* Percent of children screened for hearing loss: under 25%<br />
* Incidence of permanent hearing loss among newborns: 19.5 per 1000 infants<br />
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===Publications about EHDI Programs in Turkey===<br />
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# [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19716609, Bolat, H., Bebitoglu, F.G., Ozbas, S., Altunsu, A.T., and Kose, M.R. 2009. National newborn hearing and screening program in Turkey: Struggles and implementations between 2004 and 2008. International Journal of Pediatric Otorhinolaryngology 73 (12):1621-2163.]<br />
# [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23099038, Genç GA, Konukseven O, Muluk NB, Kirkim G, Başar FS, Tuncer U, Kayikci MK, Bolat H, Topcu C, Dizdar HT, Kaynar F, Akar F, Ozdek A, Serbetcioglu B, Belgin E. Features of unilateral hearing loss detected by newborn hearing screening programme in different regions of Turkey. Auris Nasus Larynx. 2013 Jun;40(3):251-9.]<br />
# [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20015280, Tasci Y, Muderris II, Erkaya S, Altinbas S, Yucel H, Haberal A. Newborn hearing screening programme outcomes in a research hospital from Turkey. Child Care Health Dev. 2010 May;36(3):317-22.]<br />
# [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18674822, Kirkim G, Serbetcioglu B, Erdag TK, Ceryan K. The frequency of auditory neuropathy detected by universal newborn hearing screening program. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol. 2008 Oct;72(10):1461-9.]<br />
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===Person responsible for most recent update:===<br />
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Name: <br />
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Affiliation: <br />
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Email:</div>Wjoma1http://www.iehdi.org/wiki/index.php?title=The_Netherlands&diff=147The Netherlands2014-09-08T18:08:48Z<p>Wjoma1: </p>
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<div>===The Netherlands=== <br />
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* <font size='4pt' color='blue'>Percent of children screened for hearing loss:<br />
* Incidence of permanent hearing loss among newborns:</font><br />
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===Current Status of Early Hearing Detection and Intervention for Children===<br />
<br />
The YHC programme for children from birth to the age of four years in the Netherlands is carried out by 57 regional YHC organizations. NHS was implemented gradually from July 2002 over a period of four years. Each year a number of organizations started implementation of NHS. The implementation process in each regional organization took one year. From July 2006 onwards all Dutch newborns have been offered NHS.<br />
Since 1965, distraction hearing screening had been offered nationally to infants in the Netherlands at the age of nine months. This test yielded many false positive results due to temporary conductive hearing losses induced by otitis media with effusion (OME). Also, the diagnosis of permanent childhood hearing impairment (PCHI) was usually made at an age of at least 18 months (Oudesluys-Murphy et al, 1995). As evidence accumulated regarding the benefits of starting intervention in a child with PCHI before the age of six months (Robinshaw, 1995; Apuzzo & Yoshinaga-Itano, 1995; Yoshinaga-Itano et al, 1998) and suitable equipment became available for newborn hearing screening, studies were conducted, investigating the most optimal manner of implementing uniform neonatal hearing screening (UNHS) in the Netherlands (Oudesluys-Murphy & Harlaar, 1997; van der Lem et al, 1998, Uilenburg et al, 2009). Based on these studies, a UNHS protocol was developed and gradually implemented nationwide in the Youth Health Care (YHC) during the period July 2002 – July 2006. <br />
Children needing neonatal intensive care (NICU) shortly after birth were excluded from the YHC hearing screening, as they are already screened in another programme 0Van Straaten, 2003). The aim of the Dutch UNHS programme is detection of all children with a permanent hearing loss of at least 40 dB in one or both ears before the age of four months, and start of interventions in children with permanent bilateral hearing loss before the age of six months. In this article a three-year overview is presented. The main aim of the current study is to investigate whether the quality of the Dutch UNHS programme is consistent over time , using the results of the nationwide implementation as a reference point.<br />
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===Demographics=== <br />
<br />
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• Population (2012 est): 16,795,000<br />
• Number of Annual Births (2012 est): 180<br />
• Birth rate: 10.89<br />
• Percent of GDP spent on health care (2009): 12%<br />
• Percent of Health Care expenditures spent by government: 11.9%<br />
• Physician density: 3.921 physicians/1,000 population (2007)<br />
• Percent of newborns attended by skilled providers: 100%<br />
• Infant Mortality: 3.4 per 1000<br />
• Literacy (age 15 and over can read and write): 99%<br />
• Percent of children screened for hearing loss: 92%<br />
• Incidence of permanent hearing loss among newborns: 3.2 per 1,000<br />
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===Publications about EHDI Programs in The Nederlands===<br />
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# [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21342253, Van Dommelen, P., van Straaten, H.L.M., Verkerk, P.H.; Dutch NICU Neonatal Hearing Screening Working Group. 2011 Ten-year quality assurance of the nationwide hearing screening programme in Dutch neonatal intensive care units. Acta Paediatrica. 1-7.]<br />
# [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22800095, Van der Ploeg CP, Uilenburg NN, Kauffman-de Boer MA, Oudesluys-Murphy AM, Verkerk PH. Newborn.]<br />
# [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21074864, Coenraad S., A. Goedegebure, L.J. Hoeve. An initial overestimation of sensorineural hearing loss in NICU infant failure on neonatal hearing screening. Int. J. Pediatr. Otorhinolaryngol., 75 (2011), pp. 159–162.]<br />
# [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24383221, Korver AM, Konings S, Meuwese-Jongejeugd A, van Straaten HL, Uilenburg N, Dekker FW, Wever CC, Frijns JH, Oudesluys-Murphy AM; DECIBEL Collaborative study group. National study of newborn hearing screening: programme sensitivity and characteristics of undetected children. B-ENT. 2013; Suppl 21:37-]<br />
# [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19283582, Uilenburg N, Kauffman-de Boer M, van der Ploeg K, Oudesluys-Murphy AM, Verkerk P. An implementation study of neonatal hearing screening in the Netherlands. Int J Audiol. 2009 Mar;48(3):108-16.]<br />
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Name: <br />
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Email:</div>Wjoma1http://www.iehdi.org/wiki/index.php?title=Austria&diff=146Austria2014-09-08T18:08:16Z<p>Wjoma1: </p>
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<div>===Austria===<br />
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* <font size='4pt' color='blue'>Percent of children screened for hearing loss:<br />
* Incidence of permanent hearing loss among newborns:</font><br />
<br />
===Current Status of Early Hearing Detection and Intervention for Children===<br />
In Austria (Central Europe), the beginnings of newborn hearing screening date back to the early nineties, when a few hospitals implemented screening programs in their neonatal intensive care units or maternal wards. In 1995, the Austrian ENT Society released a position paper, which endorsed early detection of infant hearing loss through the UNHS and set up guidelines for its nationwide implementation. According to these guidelines, UNHS is performed as a hospital-based, two-stage TEOAE screen: newborns are first tested a few days after birth and, if they fail, undergo a second test prior to discharge from hospital.<br />
Since 1995, a growing number of Austrian hospitals have introduced UNHS, so that it’s current coverage (Spring 2005) is estimated at 90% of all Austrian newborns. With a total of approximately 70,000 children born per year [9], and a prevalence rate of 1.11:1000 for congenital hearing impairment [10], some 70 hearing-impaired infants are expected to be born annually in Austria. <br />
UNHS is not anchored in legislation (except in one Austrian Federal State). However, testing an infant’s hearing became a routine check in the national child health care program in 2003. Hence, the UNHS can be considered a quasi-mandatory preventive measure. To keep this status, the official advisory committee to the Austrian government requires the ongoing provision of evidence to show that the measure contributes to improving or preserving the health status of the society. The current study was thus undertaken to evaluate the efficacy of the Austrian UNHS program from its early implementation to the present.<br />
<br />
===Demographics===<br />
<br />
* Population: 8,504,850 (2014 est.)<br />
* Number of Annual Births (2012 est): 78,109<br />
* Birth rate: 9.4 live births per 1 000 population<br />
* Percent of GDP spent on health care (2012): 11%<br />
* Percent of Health Care expenditures spent by government: 84%<br />
* Physician density: 4.86 physicians/1,000 population (2010)<br />
* Percent of newborns attended by skilled providers: 100%<br />
* Infant Mortality: 4.26 per 1000 (2012)<br />
* Literacy (age 15 and over can read and write): 98%<br />
* Percent of children screened for hearing loss: 90%<br />
* Incidence of permanent hearing loss among newborns: <br />
<br />
===Publications about EHDI Programs in Austria===<br />
# [http://www.researchgate.net/publication/7675477_Ten-year_outcome_of_newborn_hearing_screening_in_Austria, Weichbold, V., Nekahm-Heis, D., and Welzl-Mueller, K. 2006. Ten-year outcome of newborn hearing screening in Austria. International Journal of Pediatric Otorhinolaryngology 70:235-240.]<br />
# [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16585279, Weichbold V, Nekahm-Heis D, Welzi-Mueller K. Universal newborn hearing screening and postnatal hearing loss. Pediatrics. 2006;117(4):e631-6.]<br />
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===Person responsible for most recent update:===<br />
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Name: <br />
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Affiliation: <br />
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Email:</div>Wjoma1http://www.iehdi.org/wiki/index.php?title=Poland&diff=145Poland2014-09-08T17:58:53Z<p>Wjoma1: /* Publications about EHDI Programs in Austria */</p>
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<div>===Poland===<br />
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* <font size='4pt' color='blue'>Percent of children screened for hearing loss:<br />
* Incidence of permanent hearing loss among newborns:</font><br />
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===Current Status of Early Hearing Detection and Intervention for Children===<br />
<br />
<br />
According to world statistics research, 2–3/1000 infants are born with bilateral severe hearing loss and 2–4 with bilateral moderate or unilateral hearing loss. For effective treatment congenital or perinatal hearing loss should be recognized within three months of birth, with formal diagnosis and initiation of early intervention beginning before the 6th month of age. Swift treatment is crucial, as the 1st year of life is critical for the normal development of speech and language, as well as intellectual and emotional growth, all in which normal hearing plays a huge role.<br />
Normal hearing is one of the central nervous system’s most essential tools for creating the physiological processes of integration, abstraction and the creation of ‘‘internal speech’’, which is a necessary foundation of the thought process.<br />
The Polish National Universal Neonatal Hearing Screening (PNUNHS) program is designed to evaluate all newborn children and consists of three levels. The first level of hearing screening takes place during the first 2–3 days of life, using the Transient Evoked Otoacoustic Emission (TEOAE) test; all newborns are also analyzed for audiological risk factors. Infants who don’t meet the TEOAE pass criteria and infants with high risk factors for hearing loss are referred to the second level of the otolaryngology department, which analyzes and verifies the positive TEOAE tests, conducts observations of hearing behavior and begins preliminary treatment.<br />
Children of about 3 months of age undergo an OAE and Auditory Brainstem Response (ABR) testing [5]. The third level is headed by advanced audiological centers, which are responsible for ultimate treatment and rehabilitation for children with hearing loss or deafness. This program provides a chance for early diagnosis and proper treatment of hearing impairment. <br />
<br />
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===Demographics===<br />
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<br />
* Population: 38,346,279 (July 2014 est.)<br />
* Number of Annual Births (2012 est): 388,416<br />
* Birth rate: 10.1 live births per 1 000 population<br />
* Percent of GDP spent on health care (2011): 6.9%<br />
* Percent of Health Care expenditures spent by government: 70%<br />
* Physician density: 2.07 physicians/1,000 population (2010)<br />
* Percent of newborns attended by skilled providers: 100%<br />
* Infant Mortality: 5.20 in 2010<br />
* Literacy (age 15 and over can read and write): 99.7%<br />
* Percent of children screened for hearing loss: 98%<br />
* Incidence of permanent hearing loss among newborns: 2.97 per 1000 infants<br />
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===Publications about EHDI Programs in Poland===<br />
# [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21571377, Bielecki I, Horbulewicz A, Wolan T. Risk factors associated with hearing loss in infants: an analysis of 5282 referred neonates. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol. 2011 Jul;75(7):925-30.]<br />
# [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18922586, Szyfter, W., Wróbel, M., Radziszewska-Konopka, M., Szyfter-Harris, J., and Karlik M. 2008. Polish universal neonatal hearing screening program-4-year experience (2003-2006). International Journal of Pediatric Otorhinolaryngology 72 (12):1783-1787.]<br />
# [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15904979, Wroblewska-Seniuk, K., Chojnacka, K., Pucher, B., Szczapa, J., Gadzinowski, J., and Grzegorowski, M. 2005. The results of newborn hearing screening by means of transient evoked otoacoustic emissions. International Journal of Pediatric Otorhinolaryngology 69:1351-1357.]<br />
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===Person responsible for most recent update:===<br />
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Name: <br />
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Affiliation: <br />
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Email:</div>Wjoma1http://www.iehdi.org/wiki/index.php?title=Poland&diff=144Poland2014-09-08T17:56:18Z<p>Wjoma1: Created page with "===Poland=== * <font size='4pt' color='blue'>Percent of children screened for hearing loss: * Incidence of permanent hearing loss among newborns:</font> ===Current Status o..."</p>
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* <font size='4pt' color='blue'>Percent of children screened for hearing loss:<br />
* Incidence of permanent hearing loss among newborns:</font><br />
<br />
===Current Status of Early Hearing Detection and Intervention for Children===<br />
<br />
<br />
According to world statistics research, 2–3/1000 infants are born with bilateral severe hearing loss and 2–4 with bilateral moderate or unilateral hearing loss. For effective treatment congenital or perinatal hearing loss should be recognized within three months of birth, with formal diagnosis and initiation of early intervention beginning before the 6th month of age. Swift treatment is crucial, as the 1st year of life is critical for the normal development of speech and language, as well as intellectual and emotional growth, all in which normal hearing plays a huge role.<br />
Normal hearing is one of the central nervous system’s most essential tools for creating the physiological processes of integration, abstraction and the creation of ‘‘internal speech’’, which is a necessary foundation of the thought process.<br />
The Polish National Universal Neonatal Hearing Screening (PNUNHS) program is designed to evaluate all newborn children and consists of three levels. The first level of hearing screening takes place during the first 2–3 days of life, using the Transient Evoked Otoacoustic Emission (TEOAE) test; all newborns are also analyzed for audiological risk factors. Infants who don’t meet the TEOAE pass criteria and infants with high risk factors for hearing loss are referred to the second level of the otolaryngology department, which analyzes and verifies the positive TEOAE tests, conducts observations of hearing behavior and begins preliminary treatment.<br />
Children of about 3 months of age undergo an OAE and Auditory Brainstem Response (ABR) testing [5]. The third level is headed by advanced audiological centers, which are responsible for ultimate treatment and rehabilitation for children with hearing loss or deafness. This program provides a chance for early diagnosis and proper treatment of hearing impairment. <br />
<br />
<br />
===Demographics===<br />
<br />
<br />
* Population: 38,346,279 (July 2014 est.)<br />
* Number of Annual Births (2012 est): 388,416<br />
* Birth rate: 10.1 live births per 1 000 population<br />
* Percent of GDP spent on health care (2011): 6.9%<br />
* Percent of Health Care expenditures spent by government: 70%<br />
* Physician density: 2.07 physicians/1,000 population (2010)<br />
* Percent of newborns attended by skilled providers: 100%<br />
* Infant Mortality: 5.20 in 2010<br />
* Literacy (age 15 and over can read and write): 99.7%<br />
* Percent of children screened for hearing loss: 98%<br />
* Incidence of permanent hearing loss among newborns: 2.97 per 1000 infants<br />
<br />
<br />
===Publications about EHDI Programs in Austria===<br />
1. Bielecki I, Horbulewicz A, Wolan T. Risk factors associated with hearing loss in infants: an analysis of 5282 referred neonates. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol. 2011 Jul;75(7):925-30.<br />
2. Szyfter, W., Wróbel, M., Radziszewska-Konopka, M., Szyfter-Harris, J., and Karlik M. 2008. Polish universal neonatal hearing screening program-4-year experience (2003-2006). International Journal of Pediatric Otorhinolaryngology 72 (12):1783-1787.<br />
3. Wroblewska-Seniuk, K., Chojnacka, K., Pucher, B., Szczapa, J., Gadzinowski, J., and Grzegorowski, M. 2005. The results of newborn hearing screening by means of transient evoked otoacoustic emissions. International Journal of Pediatric Otorhinolaryngology 69:1351-1357.<br />
<br />
<br />
===Person responsible for most recent update:===<br />
<br />
Name: <br />
<br />
Affiliation: <br />
<br />
Email:</div>Wjoma1http://www.iehdi.org/wiki/index.php?title=The_Netherlands&diff=143The Netherlands2014-09-08T17:50:45Z<p>Wjoma1: /* Publications about EHDI Programs in The Nederlands */</p>
<hr />
<div>===The Netherlands=== <br />
<br />
* <font size='4pt' color='blue'>Percent of children screened for hearing loss:<br />
* Incidence of permanent hearing loss among newborns:</font><br />
<br />
<br />
===Current Status of Early Hearing Detection and Intervention for Children===<br />
<br />
The YHC programme for children from birth to the age of four years in the Netherlands is carried out by 57 regional YHC organizations. NHS was implemented gradually from July 2002 over a period of four years. Each year a number of organizations started implementation of NHS. The implementation process in each regional organization took one year. From July 2006 onwards all Dutch newborns have been offered NHS.<br />
Since 1965, distraction hearing screening had been offered nationally to infants in the Netherlands at the age of nine months. This test yielded many false positive results due to temporary conductive hearing losses induced by otitis media with effusion (OME). Also, the diagnosis of permanent childhood hearing impairment (PCHI) was usually made at an age of at least 18 months (Oudesluys-Murphy et al, 1995). As evidence accumulated regarding the benefits of starting intervention in a child with PCHI before the age of six months (Robinshaw, 1995; Apuzzo & Yoshinaga-Itano, 1995; Yoshinaga-Itano et al, 1998) and suitable equipment became available for newborn hearing screening, studies were conducted, investigating the most optimal manner of implementing uniform neonatal hearing screening (UNHS) in the Netherlands (Oudesluys-Murphy & Harlaar, 1997; van der Lem et al, 1998, Uilenburg et al, 2009). Based on these studies, a UNHS protocol was developed and gradually implemented nationwide in the Youth Health Care (YHC) during the period July 2002 – July 2006. <br />
Children needing neonatal intensive care (NICU) shortly after birth were excluded from the YHC hearing screening, as they are already screened in another programme 0Van Straaten, 2003). The aim of the Dutch UNHS programme is detection of all children with a permanent hearing loss of at least 40 dB in one or both ears before the age of four months, and start of interventions in children with permanent bilateral hearing loss before the age of six months. In this article a three-year overview is presented. The main aim of the current study is to investigate whether the quality of the Dutch UNHS programme is consistent over time , using the results of the nationwide implementation as a reference point.<br />
<br />
===Demographics=== <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
• Population (2012 est): 16,795,000<br />
• Number of Annual Births (2012 est): 180<br />
• Birth rate: 10.89<br />
• Percent of GDP spent on health care (2009): 12%<br />
• Percent of Health Care expenditures spent by government: 11.9%<br />
• Physician density: 3.921 physicians/1,000 population (2007)<br />
• Percent of newborns attended by skilled providers: 100%<br />
• Infant Mortality: 3.4 per 1000<br />
• Literacy (age 15 and over can read and write): 99%<br />
• Percent of children screened for hearing loss: 92%<br />
• Incidence of permanent hearing loss among newborns: 3.2 per 1,000<br />
<br />
<br />
===Publications about EHDI Programs in The Nederlands===<br />
<br />
# [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21342253, Van Dommelen, P., van Straaten, H.L.M., Verkerk, P.H.; Dutch NICU Neonatal Hearing Screening Working Group. 2011 Ten-year quality assurance of the nationwide hearing screening programme in Dutch neonatal intensive care units. Acta Paediatrica. 1-7.]<br />
# [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22800095, Van der Ploeg CP, Uilenburg NN, Kauffman-de Boer MA, Oudesluys-Murphy AM, Verkerk PH. Newborn.]<br />
# [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21074864, Coenraad S., A. Goedegebure, L.J. Hoeve. An initial overestimation of sensorineural hearing loss in NICU infant failure on neonatal hearing screening. Int. J. Pediatr. Otorhinolaryngol., 75 (2011), pp. 159–162.]<br />
# [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24383221, Korver AM, Konings S, Meuwese-Jongejeugd A, van Straaten HL, Uilenburg N, Dekker FW, Wever CC, Frijns JH, Oudesluys-Murphy AM; DECIBEL Collaborative study group. National study of newborn hearing screening: programme sensitivity and characteristics of undetected children. B-ENT. 2013; Suppl 21:37-]<br />
# [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19283582, Uilenburg N, Kauffman-de Boer M, van der Ploeg K, Oudesluys-Murphy AM, Verkerk P. An implementation study of neonatal hearing screening in the Netherlands. Int J Audiol. 2009 Mar;48(3):108-16.]</div>Wjoma1http://www.iehdi.org/wiki/index.php?title=Austria&diff=142Austria2014-09-08T17:45:51Z<p>Wjoma1: </p>
<hr />
<div>===Austria===<br />
<br />
* <font size='4pt' color='blue'>Percent of children screened for hearing loss:<br />
* Incidence of permanent hearing loss among newborns:</font><br />
<br />
===Current Status of Early Hearing Detection and Intervention for Children===<br />
In Austria (Central Europe), the beginnings of newborn hearing screening date back to the early nineties, when a few hospitals implemented screening programs in their neonatal intensive care units or maternal wards. In 1995, the Austrian ENT Society released a position paper, which endorsed early detection of infant hearing loss through the UNHS and set up guidelines for its nationwide implementation. According to these guidelines, UNHS is performed as a hospital-based, two-stage TEOAE screen: newborns are first tested a few days after birth and, if they fail, undergo a second test prior to discharge from hospital.<br />
Since 1995, a growing number of Austrian hospitals have introduced UNHS, so that it’s current coverage (Spring 2005) is estimated at 90% of all Austrian newborns. With a total of approximately 70,000 children born per year [9], and a prevalence rate of 1.11:1000 for congenital hearing impairment [10], some 70 hearing-impaired infants are expected to be born annually in Austria. <br />
UNHS is not anchored in legislation (except in one Austrian Federal State). However, testing an infant’s hearing became a routine check in the national child health care program in 2003. Hence, the UNHS can be considered a quasi-mandatory preventive measure. To keep this status, the official advisory committee to the Austrian government requires the ongoing provision of evidence to show that the measure contributes to improving or preserving the health status of the society. The current study was thus undertaken to evaluate the efficacy of the Austrian UNHS program from its early implementation to the present.<br />
<br />
===Demographics===<br />
<br />
* Population: 8,504,850 (2014 est.)<br />
* Number of Annual Births (2012 est): 78,109<br />
* Birth rate: 9.4 live births per 1 000 population<br />
* Percent of GDP spent on health care (2012): 11%<br />
* Percent of Health Care expenditures spent by government: 84%<br />
* Physician density: 4.86 physicians/1,000 population (2010)<br />
* Percent of newborns attended by skilled providers: 100%<br />
* Infant Mortality: 4.26 per 1000 (2012)<br />
* Literacy (age 15 and over can read and write): 98%<br />
* Percent of children screened for hearing loss: 90%<br />
* Incidence of permanent hearing loss among newborns: <br />
<br />
===Publications about EHDI Programs in Austria===<br />
# [http://www.researchgate.net/publication/7675477_Ten-year_outcome_of_newborn_hearing_screening_in_Austria, Weichbold, V., Nekahm-Heis, D., and Welzl-Mueller, K. 2006. Ten-year outcome of newborn hearing screening in Austria. International Journal of Pediatric Otorhinolaryngology 70:235-240.]<br />
# [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16585279, Weichbold V, Nekahm-Heis D, Welzi-Mueller K. Universal newborn hearing screening and postnatal hearing loss. Pediatrics. 2006;117(4):e631-6.]</div>Wjoma1http://www.iehdi.org/wiki/index.php?title=Austria&diff=141Austria2014-09-08T17:44:49Z<p>Wjoma1: </p>
<hr />
<div>===Austria===<br />
<br />
* <font size='4pt' color='blue'>Percent of children screened for hearing loss:<br />
* Incidence of permanent hearing loss among newborns:</font><br />
<br />
===Current Status of Early Hearing Detection and Intervention for Children===<br />
In Austria (Central Europe), the beginnings of newborn hearing screening date back to the early nineties, when a few hospitals implemented screening programs in their neonatal intensive care units or maternal wards. In 1995, the Austrian ENT Society released a position paper, which endorsed early detection of infant hearing loss through the UNHS and set up guidelines for its nationwide implementation. According to these guidelines, UNHS is performed as a hospital-based, two-stage TEOAE screen: newborns are first tested a few days after birth and, if they fail, undergo a second test prior to discharge from hospital.<br />
Since 1995, a growing number of Austrian hospitals have introduced UNHS, so that it’s current coverage (Spring 2005) is estimated at 90% of all Austrian newborns. With a total of approximately 70,000 children born per year [9], and a prevalence rate of 1.11:1000 for congenital hearing impairment [10], some 70 hearing-impaired infants are expected to be born annually in Austria. <br />
UNHS is not anchored in legislation (except in one Austrian Federal State). However, testing an infant’s hearing became a routine check in the national child health care program in 2003. Hence, the UNHS can be considered a quasi-mandatory preventive measure. To keep this status, the official advisory committee to the Austrian government requires the ongoing provision of evidence to show that the measure contributes to improving or preserving the health status of the society. The current study was thus undertaken to evaluate the efficacy of the Austrian UNHS program from its early implementation to the present.<br />
<br />
===Demographics===<br />
<br />
* Population: 8,504,850 (2014 est.)<br />
* Number of Annual Births (2012 est): 78,109<br />
* Birth rate: 9.4 live births per 1 000 population<br />
* Percent of GDP spent on health care (2012): 11%<br />
* Percent of Health Care expenditures spent by government: 84%<br />
* Physician density: 4.86 physicians/1,000 population (2010)<br />
* Percent of newborns attended by skilled providers: 100%<br />
* Infant Mortality: 4.26 per 1000 (2012)<br />
* Literacy (age 15 and over can read and write): 98%<br />
* Percent of children screened for hearing loss: 90%<br />
* Incidence of permanent hearing loss among newborns: <br />
<br />
===Publications about EHDI Programs in Austria===<br />
#[ http://www.researchgate.net/publication/7675477_Ten-year_outcome_of_newborn_hearing_screening_in_Austria Weichbold, V., Nekahm-Heis, D., and Welzl-Mueller, K. 2006. Ten-year outcome of newborn hearing screening in Austria. International Journal of Pediatric Otorhinolaryngology 70:235-240.]<br />
#[ http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16585279 Weichbold V, Nekahm-Heis D, Welzi-Mueller K. Universal newborn hearing screening and postnatal hearing loss. Pediatrics. 2006;117(4):e631-6.]</div>Wjoma1http://www.iehdi.org/wiki/index.php?title=Austria&diff=140Austria2014-09-08T17:16:22Z<p>Wjoma1: </p>
<hr />
<div>===Austria===<br />
<br />
* <font size='4pt' color='blue'>Percent of children screened for hearing loss:<br />
* Incidence of permanent hearing loss among newborns:</font><br />
<br />
===Current Status of Early Hearing Detection and Intervention for Children===<br />
In Austria (Central Europe), the beginnings of newborn hearing screening date back to the early nineties, when a few hospitals implemented screening programs in their neonatal intensive care units or maternal wards. In 1995, the Austrian ENT Society released a position paper, which endorsed early detection of infant hearing loss through the UNHS and set up guidelines for its nationwide implementation. According to these guidelines, UNHS is performed as a hospital-based, two-stage TEOAE screen: newborns are first tested a few days after birth and, if they fail, undergo a second test prior to discharge from hospital.<br />
Since 1995, a growing number of Austrian hospitals have introduced UNHS, so that it’s current coverage (Spring 2005) is estimated at 90% of all Austrian newborns. With a total of approximately 70,000 children born per year [9], and a prevalence rate of 1.11:1000 for congenital hearing impairment [10], some 70 hearing-impaired infants are expected to be born annually in Austria. <br />
UNHS is not anchored in legislation (except in one Austrian Federal State). However, testing an infant’s hearing became a routine check in the national child health care program in 2003. Hence, the UNHS can be considered a quasi-mandatory preventive measure. To keep this status, the official advisory committee to the Austrian government requires the ongoing provision of evidence to show that the measure contributes to improving or preserving the health status of the society. The current study was thus undertaken to evaluate the efficacy of the Austrian UNHS program from its early implementation to the present.<br />
<br />
===Demographics===<br />
<br />
* Population: 8,504,850 (2014 est.)<br />
* Number of Annual Births (2012 est): 78,109<br />
* Birth rate: 9.4 live births per 1 000 population<br />
* Percent of GDP spent on health care (2012): 11%<br />
* Percent of Health Care expenditures spent by government: 84%<br />
* Physician density: 4.86 physicians/1,000 population (2010)<br />
* Percent of newborns attended by skilled providers: 100%<br />
* Infant Mortality: 4.26 per 1000 (2012)<br />
* Literacy (age 15 and over can read and write): 98%<br />
* Percent of children screened for hearing loss: 90%<br />
* Incidence of permanent hearing loss among newborns: <br />
<br />
===Publications about EHDI Programs in Austria===<br />
# Weichbold, V., Nekahm-Heis, D., and Welzl-Mueller, K. 2006. Ten-year outcome of newborn hearing screening in Austria. International Journal of Pediatric Otorhinolaryngology 70:235-240.<br />
# Weichbold V, Nekahm-Heis D, Welzi-Mueller K. Universal newborn hearing screening and postnatal hearing loss. Pediatrics. 2006;117(4):e631-6.</div>Wjoma1http://www.iehdi.org/wiki/index.php?title=The_Netherlands&diff=139The Netherlands2014-09-08T17:11:43Z<p>Wjoma1: Created page with "===The Netherlands=== * <font size='4pt' color='blue'>Percent of children screened for hearing loss: * Incidence of permanent hearing loss among newborns:</font> ===Curren..."</p>
<hr />
<div>===The Netherlands=== <br />
<br />
* <font size='4pt' color='blue'>Percent of children screened for hearing loss:<br />
* Incidence of permanent hearing loss among newborns:</font><br />
<br />
<br />
===Current Status of Early Hearing Detection and Intervention for Children===<br />
<br />
The YHC programme for children from birth to the age of four years in the Netherlands is carried out by 57 regional YHC organizations. NHS was implemented gradually from July 2002 over a period of four years. Each year a number of organizations started implementation of NHS. The implementation process in each regional organization took one year. From July 2006 onwards all Dutch newborns have been offered NHS.<br />
Since 1965, distraction hearing screening had been offered nationally to infants in the Netherlands at the age of nine months. This test yielded many false positive results due to temporary conductive hearing losses induced by otitis media with effusion (OME). Also, the diagnosis of permanent childhood hearing impairment (PCHI) was usually made at an age of at least 18 months (Oudesluys-Murphy et al, 1995). As evidence accumulated regarding the benefits of starting intervention in a child with PCHI before the age of six months (Robinshaw, 1995; Apuzzo & Yoshinaga-Itano, 1995; Yoshinaga-Itano et al, 1998) and suitable equipment became available for newborn hearing screening, studies were conducted, investigating the most optimal manner of implementing uniform neonatal hearing screening (UNHS) in the Netherlands (Oudesluys-Murphy & Harlaar, 1997; van der Lem et al, 1998, Uilenburg et al, 2009). Based on these studies, a UNHS protocol was developed and gradually implemented nationwide in the Youth Health Care (YHC) during the period July 2002 – July 2006. <br />
Children needing neonatal intensive care (NICU) shortly after birth were excluded from the YHC hearing screening, as they are already screened in another programme 0Van Straaten, 2003). The aim of the Dutch UNHS programme is detection of all children with a permanent hearing loss of at least 40 dB in one or both ears before the age of four months, and start of interventions in children with permanent bilateral hearing loss before the age of six months. In this article a three-year overview is presented. The main aim of the current study is to investigate whether the quality of the Dutch UNHS programme is consistent over time , using the results of the nationwide implementation as a reference point.<br />
<br />
===Demographics=== <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
• Population (2012 est): 16,795,000<br />
• Number of Annual Births (2012 est): 180<br />
• Birth rate: 10.89<br />
• Percent of GDP spent on health care (2009): 12%<br />
• Percent of Health Care expenditures spent by government: 11.9%<br />
• Physician density: 3.921 physicians/1,000 population (2007)<br />
• Percent of newborns attended by skilled providers: 100%<br />
• Infant Mortality: 3.4 per 1000<br />
• Literacy (age 15 and over can read and write): 99%<br />
• Percent of children screened for hearing loss: 92%<br />
• Incidence of permanent hearing loss among newborns: 3.2 per 1,000<br />
<br />
<br />
===Publications about EHDI Programs in The Nederlands===<br />
<br />
# Van Dommelen, P., van Straaten, H.L.M., Verkerk, P.H.; Dutch NICU Neonatal Hearing Screening Working Group. 2011 Ten-year quality assurance of the nationwide hearing screening programme in Dutch neonatal intensive care units. Acta Paediatrica. 1-7.<br />
# Van der Ploeg CP, Uilenburg NN, Kauffman-de Boer MA, Oudesluys-Murphy AM, Verkerk PH. Newborn.<br />
# Coenraad S., A. Goedegebure, L.J. Hoeve. An initial overestimation of sensorineural hearing loss in NICU infant failure on neonatal hearing screening. Int. J. Pediatr. Otorhinolaryngol., 75 (2011), pp. 159–162.<br />
# Korver AM, Konings S, Meuwese-Jongejeugd A, van Straaten HL, Uilenburg N, Dekker FW, Wever CC, Frijns JH, Oudesluys-Murphy AM; DECIBEL Collaborative study group. National study of newborn hearing screening: programme sensitivity and characteristics of undetected children. B-ENT. 2013; Suppl 21:37-<br />
# Uilenburg N, Kauffman-de Boer M, van der Ploeg K, Oudesluys-Murphy AM, Verkerk P. An implementation study of neonatal hearing screening in the Netherlands. Int J Audiol. 2009 Mar;48(3):108-16.</div>Wjoma1